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Soil-improving Cropping Systems
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Soil quality indicator
A chemical, physical or biological property of soil that is sensitive to
disturbance
and represents performance of
ecosystem function
in that soil of interest. These are dynamic soil properties.
Soil resilience
The capacity of a soil to recover its
functional capacity
after a disturbance.
Soil resistance
The capacity of the soil to maintain its
functional capacity
through a disturbance.
Soil respiration
The amount of carbon dioxide given off by living organisms and roots in the soil.
Soil respiration, basal
The level of carbon dioxide given off by a soil sample. Basal respiration is a measure of the total biological activity of microorganisms, macroorganisms, and roots.
Soil respiration, substrate-induced
A measure of the carbon dioxide given off by a soil sample after adding sugar or other food. It is used to estimate
microbial biomass
in the sample.
Soil sealing
The process of covering of a soil by buildings, or types of artificial material which may be very slowly permeable to water (e.g. asphalt or concrete). Soil sealing can cause rapid
overland flow
after
precipitation
where water cannot soak away leading to potential
flooding
. A soil is unable to
function
effectively when sealed.
Soil structure
The arrangement of soil particles into
aggregates
which form structural units. Size, shape, and distinctness are used to describe soil
structure
. Farmers often describe soil
structure
with words such as crumbly or cloddy.
Soil threat
Soils may loose their productive
function
due to soil degradation. Examples of soil threats are:
acidification
, compaction, contamination (pollution), decline in
soil organic matter
, decline in soil
biodiversity
,
desertification
,
erosion
,
flooding
and
water logging
, landslides, salinization.
Solum
Topsoil and
subsoil
layers that have undergone the same soil forming conditions. The base of the solum (plural, sola) is the relatively unweathered
parent material
. Solum and soils are not synonymous. Some soils include layers that are not affected by soil formation.
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